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FALCON (Fast Fourier lattice-based compact signatures over NTRU) is NIST's alternate post-quantum signature scheme, chosen alongside CRYSTALS-Dilithium. Its superpower is size - FALCON-512 creates 666-byte signatures and 897-byte public keys, smaller than any other NIST PQC finalist. Compare that to Dilithium-2 with 2420-byte signatures. Why does size matter? Bandwidth-constrained networks, firmware updates sent over satellite links, blockchain transactions where every byte costs money, smart cards with limited memory. The tradeoff is complexity - FALCON's signature generation uses floating-point arithmetic and sophisticated sampling that's harder to implement securely than Dilithium. It's based on NTRU lattices, a cryptographic approach from the 1990s that's been studied extensively. FALCON offers two security levels: FALCON-512 for 128-bit security and FALCON-1024 for 256-bit security.
IoT devices often have kilobytes of memory, not megabytes. Satellite links charge by the byte. Blockchain transactions compete for limited block space. In these scenarios, smaller signatures directly reduce costs and enable deployment. FALCON provides post-quantum security where size constraints would otherwise make it impossible.
FALCON enables post-quantum cryptography in resource-constrained devices that can't afford Dilithium's larger signatures. For industrial IoT, aerospace, and blockchain applications, it's often the only practical option. The complexity means fewer implementations, but for use cases where size matters, it's worth the effort.
IoT device firmware signing where bandwidth is limited, aerospace and satellite communications with expensive links, blockchain signatures competing for block space, smart card authentication with memory constraints, embedded systems with limited storage, automotive firmware updates over cellular
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FALCON, post-quantum signatures, compact signatures, lattice-based signatures, NTRU lattices, NIST PQC alternate, IoT signatures, small signature size, bandwidth-constrained cryptography, embedded security, smart card cryptography