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In 2016, NIST launched the most important cryptography competition since the AES selection in the 1990s. The goal: find quantum-resistant public-key algorithms to replace RSA and ECC. The process took eight years. They received 82 proposals from cryptographers worldwide. Three rounds of evaluation, conferences, papers, attacks, refinements. August 2024, NIST published the winners as Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). FIPS 203: ML-KEM (CRYSTALS-Kyber) for encryption and key exchange. FIPS 204: ML-DSA (CRYSTALS-Dilithium) for digital signatures. FIPS 205: SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) as a backup signature scheme. These aren't recommendations - they're standards. Federal systems must migrate by 2035. The commercial world will follow because FIPS certification is required for government contracts, and standards create the interoperability needed for global deployment. This is the migration the entire internet is now undertaking.
NIST standardization is how cryptography becomes real. AES, SHA-2, RSA - they all went through NIST. Post-quantum crypto is following the same path. The difference: this transition is happening under time pressure because quantum computers are coming. Eight years of evaluation gives confidence the algorithms are solid, but ten years for global migration is tight.
NIST standardization transforms post-quantum cryptography from research into products. Companies are now shipping FIPS 203/204 implementations. Vendors are seeking FIPS certification. Standards bodies are updating TLS, VPN, and other protocols to use the new algorithms. This is the quantum transition becoming operational reality.
Federal government compliance and FIPS certification, commercial cryptographic product development, updating internet protocols like TLS and IKE, cryptographic library implementation, compliance auditing and certification processes, international standards harmonization
https://www.qnulabs.com/blog/ | https://www.qnulabs.com/qnu-labs-hybrid-approach-blending-quantum-and-post-quantum-cryptography-for-future-proof-security/
NIST PQC, post-quantum cryptography standardization, FIPS 203, FIPS 204, FIPS 205, ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA, CRYSTALS standardization, NIST competition, quantum-resistant standards, federal cryptography standards