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A photon is the smallest possible unit of light - you can't have half a photon. This quantum property makes photons perfect for quantum cryptography. In QKD systems like QNu Labs' Armos, information is encoded in single photons - their polarization (vertical/horizontal/diagonal), phase, or arrival time. The quantum mechanics is what matters: if you measure a photon, you change it. An eavesdropper can't "copy" a photon or measure it without disturbing it in a detectable way. This is fundamentally different from classical communication where bits can be copied infinitely without degradation. Generating reliable single photons is technically challenging - you typically attenuate a laser to average 0.1 photons per pulse, using Poisson statistics. Detecting single photons requires sensitive avalanche photodiodes cooled to reduce noise. The practical result: single-photon encoding gives you physics-based security that no amount of computing can break.
Photons aren't just the medium for QKD - they're the reason QKD works. Their quantum properties create eavesdropping detection. They're also the randomness source for QRNG - photon arrival times are fundamentally unpredictable due to quantum mechanics. Photonics (technology based on photons) is a multi-billion dollar industry driving quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum sensing.
Understanding photons explains why QKD is secure - it's not cryptography in the traditional sense, it's applied quantum physics. For organizations evaluating quantum security, knowing that Armos security comes from single-photon physics rather than mathematical assumptions provides confidence that the security won't age. Photons also enable Tropos QRNG - generating random numbers from fundamentally unpredictable quantum events.
Technical foundation for quantum key distribution, quantum random number generation physics, explaining QKD security to non-experts, photonic quantum computing, quantum sensing applications, understanding quantum communications technology
https://www.qnulabs.com/quantum-key-distribution | https://www.youtube.com/c/QNuLabs | https://www.qnulabs.com/tropos-quantum-random-number-generator/
photon, single photon, quantum of light, photon polarization, photon detection, avalanche photodiode, APD, SPAD, single-photon avalanche diode, quantum optics, photonics, QKD physics, QRNG physics, quantum mechanics