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A qubit is to quantum computing what a bit is to classical computing - the fundamental unit of information. But qubits are much more powerful. A classical bit is either 0 or 1. A qubit can be 0, 1, or a superposition of both simultaneously. Two qubits can represent 4 states simultaneously (00, 01, 10, 11). Three qubits: 8 states. N qubits: 2^N states. This exponential scaling is why quantum computers threaten cryptography - 4000 qubits in the right algorithm can factor numbers that would take classical computers longer than the universe's age. The catch: qubits are extremely fragile. Environmental noise causes decoherence - the quantum state collapses into a classical state. Quantum computers must isolate qubits through cooling (superconducting qubits at 0.015 Kelvin), vacuum chambers (trapped ions), or other techniques. Even then, qubits have error rates - operations fail 0.1-1% of the time. Quantum error correction addresses this by using multiple physical qubits to create one reliable logical qubit. Current estimates: you need 1000-10,000 physical qubits per logical qubit. That's why breaking RSA theoretically requires 4000 logical qubits but practically needs millions of physical qubits.
Qubit count is the metric everyone watches for quantum computing progress. IBM hit 1000 qubits in 2023. Google targets 10,000 by 2029. When qubit counts and quality reach thresholds for running Shor's algorithm at scale, RSA and ECC fall. That's why security professionals track quantum computing roadmaps - qubit progress indicates timeline to cryptographic vulnerability.
Understanding qubits helps security leaders evaluate quantum computing timelines and threats. When vendors announce qubit counts, you can assess: are these logical or physical qubits? What's the error rate? Can they maintain coherence long enough for Shor's algorithm? These technical details determine whether quantum computers threaten cryptography in 5 years or 20 years, which determines urgency of migration.
Evaluating quantum computing progress and threat timelines, understanding quantum computer specifications and capabilities, assessing vendor quantum computing claims, explaining quantum threats to technical audiences, quantum risk assessment and strategic planning
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