RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) Encryption

What

RSA, invented in 1977, is the workhorse that secured the internet for 40+ years. The concept is elegant: multiply two large prime numbers to get a public key. Factoring that product back into primes is your private key. Easy to multiply, nearly impossible to factor - that asymmetry creates security. A 2048-bit RSA key would take classical computers longer than the age of the universe to crack by factoring. The problem: Shor's algorithm running on a quantum computer with roughly 4,000 good qubits factors 2048-bit numbers in hours. Every RSA key protecting website traffic, VPN connections, email encryption, code signing becomes readable. The transition challenge is massive - RSA is everywhere. Every server certificate, every S/MIME email, most VPN configurations, countless applications and APIs. You can't just patch it - you need architectural changes to support post-quantum algorithms with larger keys and different performance characteristics. Organizations face 5-10 year migration timelines, which is why NIST and NSA are pushing urgency. Start now or face a scramble when quantum computers arrive.

Why

RSA has been declared dead multiple times - Wiener attack in 1990, Coppersmith attack in 1996, ROCA vulnerability in 2017. But it survived by increasing key sizes and fixing implementations. Quantum computing is different - no key size saves RSA from Shor's algorithm. This time the end is real. The internet needs a new foundation.

Impact

The RSA to post-quantum migration is the defining security project of the 2020s and 2030s. It affects every company, every government, every device. Certificate authorities are already issuing hybrid certificates. Browsers are implementing PQC ciphersuites. Security vendors are updating products. It's happening now, and organizations that delay face compliance failures, security breaches, and inability to participate in regulated industries.

Use Cases

Current uses requiring migration: TLS/SSL certificates for HTTPS websites, VPN key exchange and authentication, email encryption with S/MIME, SSH keys for server authentication, code signing certificates for software distribution, PKI root and intermediate certificates. Must migrate to: CRYSTALS-Kyber (FIPS 203) for key exchange, CRYSTALS-Dilithium (FIPS 204) for signatures

Links

https://www.qnulabs.com/blog/ | https://www.qnulabs.com/qnu-labs-hybrid-approach-blending-quantum-and-post-quantum-cryptography-for-future-proof-security/

Tags

RSA, RSA encryption, RSA cryptography, Rivest Shamir Adleman, public key cryptography, factoring problem, Shor algorithm breaks RSA, RSA vulnerability, quantum threat to RSA, post-quantum migration, PKI migration, certificate migration, TLS migration